Between Hellenistic and Roman cultures with Celtic and Arabian influences, Provence belonged to German Empire of Charles Quint who inherit of it from its predecessors. Nice (and Savoy) will remain possession of the Naples and Piemont-Sardinia's kingdoms till 1860. At this date France of the Second Empire, allied to Victor Emmanuel III during the Italian reunification get its annexion.

The region is constituted with the earldoms of Venaissin, Orange and Nice and with Provence.